Guidance

Bluetongue: how to spot and report the disease

How to spot bluetongue, what to do if you suspect it and how to prevent it spreading.

Applies to England

Bluetongue affects:

  • sheep
  • cattle
  • other ruminants such as deer and goats
  • camelids such as llamas

It does not affect people or food safety, but outbreaks can result in prolonged animal movement and trade restrictions.

The last outbreak in England, Scotland or Wales was in 2007.

If you suspect bluetongue you must report it immediately by calling:

  • 03000 200 301 if you’re in England
  • 03003 038 268 if you’re in Wales
  • your local Field Services Office if you’re in Scotland

Bluetongue is a notifiable disease. If you do not report it, you’re breaking the law.

Latest situation

Update 1011 January 2024

Following active surveillance in the Norfolk temporary control zone (TCZ), one further case of bluetongue in cattle has been identified on a premises near Limpenhoe in the existing existing TCZ.

FollowingThe active surveillance in the north-east Kent temporary control zone (TCZ), one further case of bluetongue in a sheep has been identified at a new location in the existing TCZ, in the Canterbury area.

Both positive animalsanimal will be humanely culled to minimise the risk of onward transmission. The TCZsThe TCZ areis not being extended and movement restrictions continue to apply to cattle, sheep, deer, camelids and other ruminants in the zone.

This brings the total number of bluetongue cases in England to 4950 infected animals on 27 premises. There is still no evidence that bluetongue virus is currently circulating in midges in Great Britain. Surveillance is ongoing.

Check if you’re in a zone on the bluetongue disease control zone map.

Update 910 January 2024

Following active surveillance in the north-eastthe KentNorfolk temporary control zone (TCZ),), 2one further casescase of bluetongue in cattle havehas been identified aton 2a newpremises locationsnear Limpenhoe in the existing existing TCZ, in.

Following theactive Sandwichsurveillance area.in Boththe north-east locationsKent aretemporary linkedcontrol tozone holdings(TCZ), whereone casesfurther havecase recentlyof bluetongue in a sheep has been found.identified at a new location in the existing TCZ, in the Canterbury area.

Update 89 January 2024

Following active surveillance in the north-east Kent temporary control zone (TCZ), 12 further casecases of bluetongue in cattle hashave been identified at 2 new locations in the existing TCZ in, in the DealSandwich area. Both locations are linked to holdings where cases have recently been found.

All bluetongue disease control zones

Find details of all bluetongue disease control zones in England.

Check if you’re in a zone on the bluetongue disease control zone map.

Bluetongue risk

A number of different types (serotypes) of bluetongue are currently circulating in Europe including:

  • BTV-3
  • BTV-4
  • BTV-8

Bluetongue could spread to the UK if infected midges are carried across the channel by the wind. The south and east coasts of England are at highest risk. The exact level of risk depends on the:

  • level of disease in nearby areas of Europe
  • weather conditions, particularly wind speed and direction
  • temperature

Bluetongue could also spread into the UK if infected animals, blood or germinal products, are imported from countries where bluetongue is circulating.

Bluetongue has been reported in a number of European countries. See the current outbreak assessments and the topical issues page for more detail.

You should discuss the risks of importing stock from BTV affected countries with your vet.

Vaccination is available for some types of bluetongue. You should discuss vaccinating your herd or flock with your vet.

Movement licences

Animal movements out of the temporary control zone (TCZ) are only allowed under limited circumstances. Movements into, out of or within the zone are only allowed under licence.

However, you can apply for a specific movement licence if there’s an urgent and genuine welfare need to move animals, or you need to move animals from:

  • a premises within the TCZ to another premises within the TCZ
  • the free area into the TCZ permanently (for example, breeding stock)
  • the free area or within the TCZ to go direct to slaughter within the TCZ
  • the TCZ to go direct to slaughter at a designated slaughterhouse in the free area (all new slaughterhouse designations are subject to review and risk assessment)

How to spot bluetongue

If you keep livestock, you must continue to keep a close watch for, and report, any suspicion of bluetongue disease in your animals.

In sheep

Sheep are more likely to show obvious clinical signs of Bluetongue than cattle if they become infected. Signs of bluetongue in sheep include:

  • ulcers or sores in the mouth and nose
  • discharge from the eyes or nose and drooling from mouth
  • swelling of the lips, tongue, head and neck and the coronary band (where the skin of the leg meets the horn of the foot)

Other clinical signs include:

  • red skin as a result of blood collecting beneath the surface
  • fever
  • lameness
  • breathing problems
  • abortion
  • death

In cattle

Signs of the disease include:

  • lethargy
  • crusty erosions around the nostrils and muzzle
  • redness of the mouth, eyes, nose
  • reddening of the skin above the hoof
  • nasal discharge
  • reddening and erosions on the teats
  • fever
  • milk drop
  • not eating
  • abortion

Adult cattle may serve as a source of virus for several weeks while displaying little or no clinical signs of disease and are often the preferred host for insect vectors.

In calves

Calves can become infected with bluetongue (BTV-8) before birth if the mother is infected while pregnant. Signs of infection include:

  • calves born small, weak, deformed or blind
  • death of calves within a few days of birth
  • abortions

Livestock keepers and vets should consider bluetongue as a possible cause for calves showing these signs.

Photos of clinical signs

We’ve published some photos of clinical signs of bluetongue disease on Flickr.

How bluetongue is spread

Bluetongue virus is mostly spread by certain species of biting midges (Culicoides species), many of which can be found throughout Great Britain.

Midges are infected with the virus when they bite an infected animal and the virus spreads when the infected midge then bites an uninfected susceptible animal. Once a midge has picked up the bluetongue virus it will be a carrier for the rest of its life. 

The time of year (midges are mainly active between April to November), meteorological conditions (temperature, wind speed and direction and rain), topography and the proximity and density of neighbouring farms with susceptible animals are significant factors in a potential incursion and on how quickly, and how far midges can spread the disease.

Bluetongue virus can also be spread through biological products such as blood, germinal products (semen or embryos), or the movement of infected animals.

Infected pregnant animals can, under certain circumstances, transmit the virus to their unborn offspring. Once born, the infected offspring could act as a source of bluetongue virus.

The severity of the infection depends upon the serotype of the virus and may also be affected by strain. New serotypes continue to be identified but only serotypes 1-24 are notifiable.

Practice good hygiene when vaccinating animals

Bluetongue can also be transmitted through dirty needles.

Animal keepers and vets should follow good practice when treating and vaccinating animals at risk of being infected with bluetongue.

Preventing and controlling bluetongue

You can help to prevent the disease by:

  • vaccinating your animals with a suitable authorised vaccine
  • responsibly source livestock
  • practising good biosecurity on your premises
  • remaining vigilant

If you import animals, speak to your vet before you decide to import them.

If bluetongue is found to be circulating then APHA will place movement restrictions in zones around the affected premises. Further details on actions taken in the event of an outbreak of bluetongue are described in the GB bluetongue control strategy.

Vaccinating your animals

Vaccination is the best way to protect animals from the bluetongue virus serotypes 1,2,4 and 8. You should discuss with your vet whether vaccination would benefit your business. There is no vaccine available for serotype 3.

You need to comply with the requirements of the general licence if you wish to vaccinate animals located outside of a restricted zone for bluetongue.

It can take up to 6 weeks for your animals to be fully immune, as your animals will require a period of time for immunity to develop following vaccination and may require 2 doses of the vaccine, 3 weeks apart.

Vets can apply to the Veterinary Medicines Directorate for a Special Import Certificate (SIC).

The certificate allows keepers to import safe and effective bluetongue vaccine directly to vaccinate their stock.

Importing animals from bluetongue affected countries

You should get advice from your vet about the risks and the health status of animals you want to import, before you import them.

If you import animals you should:

  • make sure animals comply with all of the requirements of the model health certificate to confirm they’ve come from a bluetongue free country or, where a vaccine exists, the animal has been correctly vaccinated against the right strains of bluetongue - this will depend on which country you’re importing from
  • fill in bluetongue declaration GBHC172 if transiting through a bluetongue restricted territory
  • check if current issues relating to imports, exports and EU trade of animals and animal products affect your import
  • consider what additional guarantees the seller can provide - such as a pre-export test to prove the animal is not infected and has immunity to BTV
  • consider pre-vaccinating your flock or herd against the relevant strains of bluetongue before introducing new animals

Movement restrictions will apply to cattle or sheep imported from countries where bluetongue is known to be circulating. These restrictions will apply until the animals have been tested and confirmed free of the disease.

Animals that test positive for bluetongue may be culled or returned to the country of origin. Any animals which travelled in the same vehicle and are at risk of becoming infected may also be culled. No compensation will be paid for the culled animals. This only applies to imported animals. For UK born and bred animals that are culled to control the spread of disease, compensation will be paid at market value.

All other animals on the premises that are at risk of becoming infected will be placed under movement restrictions. These restrictions will apply until it’s confirmed that the disease has not spread. These restrictions may last several weeks.

Controlling outbreaks of bluetongue

Find out more about how the government will control an outbreak in:

Published 26 August 2014
Last updated 1012 January 2024 + show all updates
  1. Following active surveillance in the Norfolk temporary control zone (TCZ), one further case of bluetongue in cattle has been identified on a premises near Limpenhoe in the existing TCZ.

  2. Following active surveillance in the Norfolk temporary control zone (TCZ), one further case of bluetongue in cattle has been identified on a premises near Limpenhoe in the existing TCZ. Following active surveillance in the north-east Kent temporary control zone (TCZ), one further case of bluetongue in a sheep has been identified at a new location in the existing TCZ, in the Canterbury area.

  3. Updated the latest situation. 2 further bluetongue cases have been identified in the existing north-east Kent temporary control zone (in the Sandwich area).

  4. Updated the latest situation. There has been 1 further case in the existing TCZ in the Deal area.

  5. Following active surveillance in the Norfolk temporary control zone (TCZ), 4 further cases of bluetongue in cattle have been identified in the existing TCZ

  6. Following active surveillance in the north-east Kent Temporary Control Zone (TCZ), 3 further cases of bluetongue in cattle have been identified in the existing TCZ in the Deal area. Following active surveillance in the Norfolk Temporary Control Zone (TCZ), 1 further case of bluetongue in cattle has been identified in the existing TCZ.

  7. Following active surveillance in the north-east Kent Temporary Control Zone (TCZ), 1 further case of bluetongue in a bull has been identified in the existing TCZ in the Deal area.

  8. Updated the latest situation. There is a further case of bluetongue in the north-east Kent Temporary Control Zone (TCZ).

  9. Following active surveillance in the north-east Kent Temporary Control Zone (TCZ), 4 further cases of bluetongue in cattle have been identified in the Sandwich Bay area in the TCZ. 3 of the cases are located on a new holding. Also updated guidance on movement licences to move animals from the TCZ to go direct to slaughter.

  10. Following active surveillance in the north-east Kent Temporary Control Zone (TCZ), 3 further cases of bluetongue in cattle have been identified on a new holding in the Sandwich Bay area in the TCZ.

  11. Following active surveillance in the Norfolk Temporary Control Zone (TCZ), a further case of bluetongue in cattle has been identified. The keeper has been notified and the animal will be humanely culled to minimise the risk of onward transmission. The TCZ will not be extended, and movement restrictions continue to apply to cattle, sheep and other ruminants in the zone.

  12. Following active surveillance in the Norfolk Temporary Control Zone (TCZ), a further 2 cases of bluetongue in cattle have been identified. The cattle were on 2 separate premises within the ownership of a single family business. Following active surveillance in the Kent TCZ, a further infected animal has been detected on a premises near Sandwich in Kent. Guidance under 'movement licences' and ‘Controlling outbreaks of bluetongue’ has also been updated.

  13. Following active surveillance in the north-east Kent Temporary Control Zone (TCZ), a further case of bluetongue in a sheep has been identified on a new holding in the Sandwich Bay area in the TCZ. The animal will be humanely culled to minimise the risk of onward transmission. The TCZ is not being extended and movement restrictions continue to apply to cattle, sheep and other ruminants in the zone. This brings the total number of cases to 23. There is currently still no evidence that bluetongue virus is circulating in Great Britain. Surveillance is ongoing.

  14. Following active surveillance in the north-east Kent Temporary Control Zone (TCZ), a further 3 cases of bluetongue in cattle have been identified in the Sandwich Bay area from the same herd as the 5 positives confirmed yesterday on 15 December. The holding is situated in the existing TCZ. All 3 animals will be humanely culled to minimise the risk of onward transmission. The TCZ is not being extended and movement restrictions continue to apply to cattle, sheep and other ruminants in the Zone. This brings the total number of cases to 22 on 8 different holdings. There is currently still no evidence that bluetongue virus is circulating in Great Britain. Surveillance is ongoing.

  15. Following active surveillance in the north-east Kent Temporary Control Zone (TCZ), a further 5 cases of bluetongue in cattle have been identified on a holding in the Sandwich Bay area. The holding is situated in the existing TCZ. All five animals will be humanely culled to minimise the risk of onward transmission. The TCZ is not being extended and movement restrictions continue to apply to cattle, sheep and other ruminants in the Zone.

  16. Following active surveillance in the north-east Kent Temporary Control Zone (TCZ), a further 3 cases of bluetongue in cattle have been identified on a holding in the Sandwich Bay area. The holding is situated in the existing TCZ. Guidance under 'Importing animals from bluetongue affected countries' has also been updated.

  17. Following routine surveillance, a further 2 cases in cattle have been identified on a farm near Cantley, Broadland, Norfolk.  A 10km temporary control zone (TCZ) has been declared around the premises.

  18. Following active surveillance in the temporary control zone (TCZ), a ninth case of bluetongue serotype 3 has been confirmed in a single sheep, on a mixed cattle and sheep farm in the existing TCZ. There is currently no evidence that there is circulating virus. Surveillance is ongoing.

  19. Following active surveillance in the temporary control zone (TCZ), an eighth case of bluetongue serotype 3 in a cow has been confirmed. This animal is on a new premises located within the TCZ. There is currently no evidence that there is circulating virus. Surveillance is ongoing.

  20. Following active surveillance, a seventh case of bluetongue serotype 3 has been confirmed. This animal was on the same premises as the sixth case announced on the 4 December and was, until recently, grazing on land outside of the original temporary control zone (TCZ).

  21. Following active surveillance of premises linked to cases within the 10km temporary control zone (TCZ), a further case of bluetongue serotype 3 in cattle has been identified. This animal was until recently grazing on a premises outside the TCZ. This brings the total number of cases to 6. As a result, the TCZ has been extended.

  22. Following active surveillance within the 10km temporary control zone (TCZ) a further 4 cases in cattle of bluetongue serotype 3 have been identified on 2 additional premises, all within the 10km TCZ and within 5km of the first finding near Canterbury, Kent.  All 4 animals will be humanely culled to reduce the risk of onward transmission.  There is no evidence that there is circulating virus in the midge population. The 10km TCZ remains in place in place and surveillance is ongoing. Guidance under 'Movement licences' has also been updated.

  23. Updated the movement licences section. Added a link to a form to apply for a specific licence.

  24. Added a section on movement licences.

  25. Updated the latest situation section to reflect that a single cow has tested positive for bluetongue serotype 3 on a premises near Canterbury, Kent. Also updated the guidance throughout the page.

  26. Updated the current situation section. Removed Belgium and added the Netherlands to reflect the changing disease situation in Europe.

  27. Added a link to the Bluetongue declaration. You must fill in the declaration when transiting through a bluetongue restricted territory.

  28. Updated the current situation section and removed out of date content.

  29. Added the details of how to spot bluetongue in calves.

  30. Page updated following a review of content.

  31. Updated the current situation and added the section on importing animals from bluetongue affected countries.

  32. Contact details for reporting a notifiable disease updated.

  33. Updated the current situation to take account of situation in France.

  34. Added a link to photos of clinical signs of bluetongue disease.

  35. Updated link to the latest qualitative risk assessment for bluetongue virus (BTV-8) entry into the UK.

  36. Update on details for movements during an outbreak

  37. Updated following bluetongue virus (BTV-8) risk assessment of entry into the UK in 2016.

  38. AHVLA documents have been re-assigned to the new Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA).

  39. AHVLA documents have been re-assigned to the new Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA).

  40. First published.