Check if you need to tell the government about an acquisition that could harm the UK's national security

The government can scrutinise and intervene in certain acquisitions that could harm the UK’s national security. They can impose certain conditions on an acquisition and in rare cases may unwind or block an acquisition completely.

The rules apply to acquisitions that are in progress, contemplation or have been contemplated. Acquisitions completed before 12 November 2020 are exempt.

If you are planning an acquisition of a qualifying entity in one of 17 defined sensitive areas of the UK economy, you may need to get approval from the government before you can complete it. This is called a notifiable acquisition. Completing a notifiable acquisition without approval will mean the acquisition is void and may mean that the acquirer is subject to civil or criminal penalties.

This guidance tells you:

• what types of acquisitions are covered
• when you need to tell the government about an acquisition
• how the government will scrutinise the acquisition

These rules fall under the National Security and Investment (NSI), which came into force on 4 January 2022. The Act is administered by the Investment Security Unit (ISU) in the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and the decision maker is the Secretary of State for BEIS.

How the rules work

1. Check if the rules apply to your acquisition. This will depend on what you are acquiring and how much control you have over it.

2. Check if you need to tell the government about your acquisition. You are legally required to inform the government about certain acquisitions of entities if your acquisition is in a sensitive area of the UK economy.

3. Tell the government about your acquisition. You can do this online by submitting a notification using the National Security and Investment service.

4. The government will review your acquisition. It can either clear your acquisition, impose certain conditions, or block or unwind it.

Check if the rules apply to your acquisition

The new rules only apply to qualifying acquisitions. These are referred to as trigger events in the National Security and Investment Act.

Your acquisition is a qualifying acquisition if all of the following apply:

• the acquisition is of a right or interest in, or in relation to, a qualifying asset or qualifying entity (these terms are explained below)
• the entity or asset you are acquiring is from, in, or has a connection to the UK
• the level of control you acquire over the qualifying entity or qualifying asset meets or passes a certain threshold (for example, your stake or voting rights in a qualifying entity becomes higher than 25%)
• the acquisition was not completed before 12 November 2020

If the government reasonably suspects that an acquisition meets these criteria and that it has given rise to, or may give rise to, a risk to national security, it can be scrutinised by the government.

In addition, if this qualifying acquisition is of an entity in one of the 17 defined sensitive areas of the economy it may need to be notified to the government. Qualifying acquisitions outside the 17 defined areas do not need to be notified to the government.

Check if you are acquiring a qualifying entity or asset

A qualifying entity is any entity other than an individual, including:

• a company
• a limited liability partnership
• any other body corporate
• a partnership
• an unincorporated association
• a trust

Qualifying assets include:

• land
• tangible moveable property
• ideas, information or techniques which have industrial, commercial or other economic value (‘intellectual property’)

Entities and assets might be qualifying entities and qualifying assets if they are outside or not from the UK but have a connection to the UK.

Acquisitions of entities or assets outside or not from the UK

If an entity is formed or recognised under the law of a country or territory outside the UK, it is a qualifying entity if it either:

• carries on activities in the UK or
• supplies goods or services to people in the UK

For land or tangible moveable property situated outside the UK or its territorial sea, or for any intellectual property, it is a qualifying asset if it is either:

• used in connection with activities carried on in the UK or
• used in connection with the supply of goods or services to people in the UK

Read further guidance on how the rules work for entities and assets outside or not from the UK.

Check the level of control you have acquired, or will acquire, over the qualifying entity or asset

If you are acquiring a qualifying entity or asset that is from, in, or has a connection to the UK, you will need to check if the level of control you have acquired, or will acquire, over it could bring it in scope of the rules.

Your acquisition is in scope of the rules if you acquire a right or interest in, or in relation to, a qualifying entity or asset, and the level of control you acquire meets any of the following thresholds:

• your shareholding stake or voting rights in a qualifying entity meets or crosses certain percentage thresholds (for example, it becomes higher than 25%)
• you acquire voting rights in a qualifying entity that allow you to pass or block resolutions governing the affairs of the entity
• you are able to materially influence the policy of a qualifying entity, for example acquiring the right to appoint members of the board of the entity that enables you to influence the strategic direction of the entity
• you are able to use a qualifying asset, or direct or control its use, or you are able to do so more than you could prior to the acquisition

If your qualifying acquisition takes place over more than 1 day, the acquisition will be treated as having taken place on the last day of the period.

Further details of each threshold are outlined below.

If your shareholding stake or voting rights meet or cross certain percentage thresholds

Your acquisition is in scope if your shareholding stake or voting rights increase:

• from 25% or less to more than 25%
• from 50% or less to more than 50%
• from less than 75% to 75% or more

If the entity has a share capital, the thresholds describe holding shares comprised in the issued share capital of a nominal value (in aggregate) of that percentage of the share capital.

If the entity does not have a share capital, the thresholds describe holding a right to that percentage share of the capital or profits of the entity.

If the entity is a limited liability partnership, the thresholds describe holding a right to that percentage share of any surplus assets of the partnership on its winding up. Where this is not expressly provided for, each member will be treated as having an equal share.

If you acquire voting rights that allow you to pass or block resolutions governing the affairs of the entity

Such an acquisition is in scope of the rules, regardless of the percentage of voting rights you may already hold, or the percentage of your shareholding, or taking into account other voting rights you hold as well as your acquisition. Any voting rights you already held before the acquisition are taken into account when assessing whether the acquisition meets this threshold.

Voting rights means rights that are given to shareholders or members to vote at general meetings on all, or substantially all, matters.

If the entity does not have general meetings at which matters are decided by such votes, voting rights includes any rights in relation to the entity that are of the equivalent effect.

In the case of minority veto rights, the voting rights only count where they provide the holder with a right to vote on all or substantially all matters governing the affairs of the entity.

If you acquire a right or interest in, or in relation to, a qualifying entity which provides you with ‘material influence’ over the entity’s policy

The Competition and Markets Authority has produced guidance on its assessment of material influence when operating the merger control regime under the Enterprise Act 2002.

When making its assessment, the CMA focuses on the acquirer’s ability materially to influence policy relevant to the behaviour of the target entity in the marketplace. The policy of the target in this context means the management of its business, and thus includes the strategic direction of a company and its ability to define and achieve its commercial objectives. Any assessment by the government of an acquisition of material influence under the NSI Act will be considered in the light of the relevant section on material influence in the CMA guidance but applying the concept in the context of the NSI Act, so far as is appropriate.

The material influence threshold in the NSI Act does not apply if:

• you are acquiring an asset
• you already hold a right or interest enabling you to materially influence the policy of the entity

If you acquire a right or interest in, or in relation to, a qualifying asset and as a result you are able to use, or to direct or control how the asset is used, or can do so to a greater extent than before the acquisition

This could include acquiring a right or interest that gives you the ability to use, or to direct or control the use of an asset, even if you do not acquire the asset itself.

Qualifying assets include land, tangible moveable property and intellectual property, and these may be within or outside the UK. If an asset is outside the UK, or is intellectual property, it must have a sufficient connection to the UK. Read further guidance on how the new rules will work for entities and assets outside or not from the UK.

If your qualifying acquisition is part of a corporate restructure or reorganisation

Qualifying acquisitions that are part of a corporate restructure or reorganisation may be covered by the rules. This is the case even if the acquisition takes place within the same corporate group. This means that even within corporate restructures, it may be mandatory to notify.

If you are planning a qualifying acquisition but it has not yet taken place

The government can assess a potential qualifying acquisition that has not yet happened if it reasonably suspects it may cause a national security risk. The government can call in a qualifying acquisition that has already happened, or is in progress or contemplation.

Interests and rights

Interests and rights count as acquired if you begin to hold them in any of the following ways:

• hold an interest or right jointly with someone else
• have a joint arrangement with someone else that means you will exercise all, or substantially all, of the rights or interests in a way pre-determined by the arrangement. The Act has a broad definition of ‘arrangement’ which means most types of arrangement count under these rules
• hold a majority stake in an entity that holds the interest or right, or is part of a chain of entities which each hold majority stakes through the chain and the last one holds the interest or right
• a nominee holds an interest for you
• control a right that is owned by another party (unless the owner also controls the right)
• hold a right exercisable only under certain circumstances, when the circumstances have arisen or you control whether those circumstances exist. This does not apply to administrators or creditors, who are not regarded as holding those rights while an entity is in relevant insolvency proceedings in certain circumstances, hold a right attached to shares which are held as security by a lender. The owner, not the lender, is treated as owning or acquiring the rights where the rights are exercisable only in accordance with the owner’s instructions (apart from exercising the rights for the purpose of preserving the value of the security, or of realising the value). It is also the case where the shares are held in connection with loans as part of normal business activities and the rights are exercisable only in the owner’s interest (apart from exercising the rights for the purpose of preserving the value of the security, or of realising it)
• hold combined rights or interests with another person by virtue of being connected (for example, a spouse or relative or 2 or more undertakings in one group)
• hold rights or interests with another person or more people, with whom you share a common purpose (for example, coordinating influence on an entity’s activities)

Check Schedule 1 of the Act for full details. This includes some specific limitations of what is considered as acquired such as whether an acquisition has taken place when shares are given as security for a loan.

Check if you need to tell the government about your acquisition

You are legally required to tell the government about certain acquisitions of qualifying entities in 17 sensitive areas of the economy subject to certain criteria. These are mandatory notification requirements, known as ‘notifiable acquisitions.’

You must get approval from the government before you complete the acquisition otherwise the acquisition will be void. You can do this by submitting an online form to the government (called a ‘mandatory notification form’).

The government will then review your acquisition to see if it could cause a national security risk. If the government clears the acquisition, it cannot assess it again, unless false or misleading information was submitted.

When you will be legally required to tell the government about your acquisition (mandatory notification)

If you are a party acquiring a qualifying entity, you must tell the government about certain acquisitions in 17 sensitive areas of the economy. These are called ‘mandatory notification’ requirements and cover areas which are considered more likely to give rise to national security risks.

The 17 areas of the economy are:

• Advanced Materials
• Advanced Robotics
• Artificial Intelligence
• Civil Nuclear
• Communications
• Computing Hardware
• Critical Suppliers to Government
• Cryptographic Authentication
• Data Infrastructure
• Defence
• Energy
• Military and Dual-Use
• Quantum Technologies
• Satellite and Space Technologies
• Suppliers to the Emergency Services
• Synthetic Biology
• Transport

You need to tell the government about a notifiable acquisition by submitting a mandatory notification online. Qualifying acquisitions which are subject to mandatory notification requirements are called ‘notifiable acquisitions’.

If you are notifying, you will be asked to provide information on the structure and share ownership of the qualifying entity, the acquirer and the acquisition.

Mandatory notification requirements only apply to the acquisition of qualifying entities. These requirements do not apply to the acquisition of qualifying assets.

Your acquisition is a ‘notifiable acquisition’ if it meets the following criteria:

1. You are acquiring a qualifying entity that carries out certain activities in the UK within one of 17 sensitive areas of the economy.

2. And any of the following apply:

i) Your shareholding stake or voting rights increase:

• from 25% or less to more than 25%
• from 50% or less to more than 50%
• from less than 75% to 75% or more

ii) Your acquisition is of voting rights and this will enable you to secure or prevent the passage of any class of resolution governing the affairs of the entity.

Read further guidance about the activities of qualifying entities in the 17 areas of the economy that are subject to mandatory notification.

Check if your acquisition is a notifiable acquisition when the entity is outside the UK

For notifiable acquisitions, a qualifying entity falls within the scope of mandatory notification requirements only if it carries out the activity specified in the regulations in the UK.

If a qualifying entity is formed or recognised under the law of a country or territory outside the UK and carries on activities in the UK which are specified in the notifiable acquisition regulations then the acquisition of such an entity may be a notifiable acquisition.

If you do not tell the government about a notifiable acquisition

The acquisition is void if you complete a notifiable acquisition without notifying and gaining approval from the government. You will be able to apply for retrospective validation online.

If you have an acquisition that is not covered by mandatory notification

You are not legally required to tell the government about your qualifying acquisition if it is not covered by a mandatory notification. You can submit a voluntary notification if you are a party to a completed or planned qualifying acquisition that is not covered by mandatory notification and want to find out if the government is going to call it in.

Even if you do not notify an acquisition, if the government reasonably suspects it may give rise to a national security risk it may still be called in for a national security assessment. The government can assess acquisitions up to 5 years after they have taken place and up to 6 months after becoming aware of them if they have not been notified.

Submitting a notification form

There are 3 different forms that can be used to notify the government about an acquisition:

• mandatory notification form: as explained above, you are legally required to tell the government about notifiable acquisitions in 17 sensitive areas of the economy
• voluntary notification form: as explained above, you can submit a voluntary notification if you are a party to a completed or planned qualifying acquisition that is not covered by mandatory notification
• retrospective validation application form: as explained above, an acquisition is void if you complete a notifiable acquisition (which is subject to mandatory notification) without notifying and gaining approval from the government. You can apply for retrospective validation if you have completed a notifiable acquisition without notifying

You can submit a notification form using the National Security and Investment notification service.

Submit a notification form.

There is further guidance on how to register for the online notification form service and complete notification forms.

After you’ve submitted a notification form

Accepting or rejecting a notification form

After you have submitted a notification form, the government will give you a case reference number and will confirm whether the form has been accepted or rejected as soon as is reasonably practicable after receiving it.

The notification form will only be accepted for consideration if it complies with the notification requirements and includes all the necessary information. Only then will the government process your notification form to the timescales set out in the NSI Act.

A notification form that is rejected will not progress to the next stage and will be returned with the reasons why it was not accepted. This applies to all types of notification form, whether mandatory, voluntary or retrospective.

The government may ask you to resubmit a notification form if more information is needed before it can be accepted.

Once a notification form has been accepted

The consideration of notifications is divided into 2 parts:

• the review period (applies to all notified acquisitions)
• the assessment period (applies only if an acquisition is ‘called in’)

The processes for review and, if required, assessment are the same for each type of notification, whether mandatory, voluntary or retrospective.

The review period and the assessment period each last up to 30 working days. The government may extend the assessment period by an additional period of 45 working days, subject to certain tests being met. Any further extension beyond those 45 working days must be with the written agreement of the acquirer (known as the ‘voluntary period’). In calculating these days, a working day is any day other than a Saturday, Sunday or a Bank Holiday anywhere in the UK.

Review period

The government will email you telling you it has accepted your notification form. The 30 working day period for the government’s review begins on the day this email is sent.

Within 30 working days of acceptance of the notification form

The government will either:

• clear the acquisition and tell you it can go ahead
• call in the acquisition for a full national security assessment
• require further information, which you should provide as soon as possible, to help complete the assessment (known as an ‘information notice’)
• require you or people involved in the acquisition to attend a meeting (known as an ‘attendance notice’)

We expect that most notifications will be cleared rather than called in, and you will be informed of the outcome of the government’s decision during the first 30 working day review period.

If the government wishes to call in the acquisition to investigate further, you will be informed by email on or before the final day of the review period.

Information or attendance notices issued during the review period do not change the 30 working day deadline. This is different from information notices and attendance notices issued during the assessment period, which have the legal effect of ‘stopping the clock’.

Assessment period

The government will tell you by email if it needs to carry out a full assessment of your acquisition for a national security risk. This is known as ‘call in’. The assessment will last up to 30 working days (subject to any extensions).

During this period, the government will carry out a detailed assessment of the potential national security risks and decide what, if any, action it considers necessary and proportionate to address any of these risks.

The government may extend the assessment period for an additional period of 45 working days (known as the ‘additional period’). Any further extension must be with the written agreement of the acquirer (known as the ‘voluntary period’).

What the government can ask you to do during the assessment period

During the 30-working day assessment period, the government can:

• put in place immediate and temporary controls to prevent you taking action that might undermine conditions the Secretary of State might seek to put in place (known as an ‘interim order’)
• require you to provide further information to help complete its assessment (known as an ‘information notice’)
• require you or people involved in the acquisition to attend a meeting (known as an ‘attendance notice’)

Information notices and attendance notices issued during the assessment period have the legal effect of ‘stopping the clock’. This is different from information notices and attendance notices issued during the review period. More detail is set out in the sections below.

Interim orders

An interim order may be issued at any time during the assessment period. Interim orders are intended to prevent you or other parties to the acquisition taking any steps which might undermine any conditions the Secretary of State may seek to put in place at the end of the assessment period through a final order.

Interim orders could include (but are not limited to) preventing the exchange of confidential information and access to sensitive sites or assets, pending the outcome of the assessment, and may include compliance monitoring requirements. Interim orders will be communicated to you by email.

The government may issue an interim order to any person (or to the holder of a position in the company), where provisions of the order are necessary and proportionate. Interim orders can apply to people outside the UK. You will be informed of the order’s details and rationale. The government will not routinely make interim orders public.

If you are required to comply with an interim order but wish to request that it be varied or revoked, the government must consider your request as soon as practicable after receiving it. The best way to make requests is by contacting the ISU by email.

Information notices

During the assessment period, the government may need more information. If this is the case, the government may issue an information notice, setting out the reason for requiring the information, how it should be provided, a time limit for providing the information and the potential consequences of not doing so. The ‘clock’ for assessing your acquisition stops until this information has been provided or the deadline for providing the information has passed. The clock will restart the day after the government has confirmed that either of these 2 things has happened.

Information notices can also be issued during the review period (the first 30 working days after your notification is accepted), but these will not result in a ‘clock stop’.

Attendance notices

The government may also need to hear from people involved in the acquisition to inform its decision making. This will be required through an attendance notice, setting out the time and place of the meeting, and the purpose of the meeting. This could include you (the representative of a party involved in the acquisition), people in specific positions in one of the companies involved (for example someone with technical knowledge of the business), or others as required.

You and/or others whose attendance is requested must attend this meeting. If the attendance notice is issued during the assessment period, the ‘clock’ for assessing your acquisition stops until the meeting has taken place and the required information has been provided or the deadline for complying with the attendance notice has passed. The clock will restart the day after the government has confirmed that either of these 2 things has happened.

Attendance notices can also be issued during the review period (the first 30 working days after your notification is accepted), but these will not result in a ‘clock stop’.

By the 30th working day of the assessment period

By the 30th working day, the government will inform you of one of the following:

• your acquisition is cleared and can carry on (the final notification)
• your acquisition can go ahead subject to certain conditions (the final order)
• your acquisition is blocked and cannot carry on (the final order)
• the assessment period needs to be extended for another 45 working days

A called in acquisition may be cleared by the government at any time during the assessment period. You will be informed by email.

If the government determines there are national security risks raised by your acquisition, representatives of the parties may be contacted at any stage during the assessment period to be informed of conditions the government may put in place through a final order. The purpose of these conditions is to mitigate risk (as determined by the government) and allow the acquisition to proceed.

You will be issued a ‘final order’ if the government imposes conditions on your acquisition, or if your acquisition is blocked. Relevant parties will be provided with information about the decision, including details of any conditions imposed and the consequence of any breach of these conditions, once a national security assessment has been concluded.

Before making a final order, the government must consider any representations made. Representations should be made to the government by contacting the ISU at investment.screening@beis.gov.uk.

Notices of final orders made by the government will be published on GOV.UK. The government will remove sensitive information.

If the assessment period is extended

The assessment period may be extended for another 45 working days where it is reasonably believed that a qualifying acquisition raises or would raise a national security risk and an additional period is required to further assess the acquisition. Any further extension beyond this must be with the written agreement of the acquirer (known as the ‘voluntary period’).

Carrying on an acquisition whilst review and assessment is ongoing

You can continue to progress an acquisition during the review and assessment periods up to the point of completion unless the government has told you not to through an interim order. Interim orders can only be issued during the assessment period, and may place immediate and temporary controls on the parties to prevent any action which could have the effect of undermining conditions the Secretary of State may seek to put in place through a final order.

In the case of mandatory notification, you must not complete the acquisition until you have received clearance from the government. If you do complete without clearance, the acquisition will be legally void.

In the case of a voluntary notification, you may choose to continue your acquisition (unless the government has told you not to do so through an interim order). However, if you choose to complete your acquisition before the government has made its decision, the acquisition can later be unwound if the government finds that there are national security concerns.

Confidentiality whilst review and assessment is ongoing

The government will not routinely make public that it has called in an acquisition for national security assessment or that it has issued an interim order and will inform you if it intends to do so.

Throughout the review and assessment periods, and in any interactions with the ISU, you should remain mindful of the other legislative obligations that you may be under. For example, if you are a relevant issuer, you will still need to comply with applicable transparency and disclosure obligations such as the obligation under the UK Market Abuse Regulation to disclose inside information to the public as soon as possible.

If your disclosure obligations give rise to any doubts or concerns about your ability to comply with any specific requirements raised during the review and assessment process, or as a result of interim or final orders you are subject to, you can contact the ISU by email at investment.screening@beis.gov.uk.

Find further information on the UK Market Abuse Regulation on the Financial Conduct Authority’s website.

After the assessment period

If no further action is being taken following the full national security assessment, you will be informed by the government that the acquisition has been cleared. That decision cannot be revisited. The only exception is if it is established that false or misleading information was provided in a notification form or in response to an information notice or attendance notice.

Where you are subject to interim orders or final orders, the government has a duty to keep these under review and to vary and/or revoke them, where appropriate. This would generally happen in discussion with the parties, who can also request that the order be reviewed.

Compliance and enforcement

ReadThrough guidancecompliance onand howenforcement the government’s aim is to complysupport withyou in meeting your obligations under the NationalNSI SecurityAct. The approach to compliance and Investmentenforcement aims to be risk-based, proportionate and consistent. The government seeks to minimise burdens on business throughout.

The NSI Act 2021specifies offences may be committed in respect of:

• completing a notifiable acquisition without approval
• failing to comply with an interim or final order
• failing to comply with an information notice or attendance order, and whatvarious canassociated beoffences
• using expectedor ifdisclosing youinformation arein subjectcontravention of disclosure of information provisions

The responses available to ordersthe government in dealing with non-compliance and notices.offences range from supportive intervention through to penalties for individuals or businesses. These may include:

• advice, guidance and warnings
• agreeing actions with parties
• applying for civil injunctions
• imposing civil penalties
• instituting criminal proceedings

Further guidance

For businesses seeking investment, considering potential security issues early in your investment planning can protect both your company and the UK’s national security. Read guidance on Informed Investment for practical advice on how to reduce potential risks associated with investment.

Contact the Investment Security Unit (ISU)

For general enquiries or informal discussion around future acquisitions or a specific notification, please contact the ISU at investment.screening@beis.gov.uk.